Category: data center

DC Power(R)

Posted on by lechuck park

Data Center DC Power System Comprehensive Overview

This diagram illustrates the complete DC (Direct Current) power supply system for a data center infrastructure.

1. Core Components

① Power Source

  • 15.4 KV High Voltage AC Power
  • Received from utility grid
  • Efficient long-distance transmission (Efficient Delivery)
  • High voltage warning indicator (High Warning)

② Primary Transformer

  • Voltage conversion: 15.4 KV → 6.6 KV
  • Function: Steps down high voltage to medium voltage
  • Transformation method: Voltage Step-down
  • Adjusts voltage for internal data center distribution

③ Backup Power #1 – Generator System (Long-Time Backup)

  • Configuration: Diesel generator + Fuel tank
  • Characteristic: Long-duration backup capability
  • Purpose: Continuous power supply during main power outage
  • Advantage: Unlimited operation as long as fuel is supplied

④ Secondary Transformer

  • Voltage conversion: 6.6 KV → 380 V
  • Function: Steps down medium voltage to low voltage
  • Transformation method: Voltage Step-down
  • Provides appropriate voltage for UPS and final loads

⑤ Backup Power #2 – UPS System (Short-Time Backup)

  • Configuration: UPS + Battery
  • Characteristic: Short-duration instantaneous backup
  • Purpose: Ensures uninterrupted power during main-to-generator transition
  • Role: Supplies power during generator startup time (10-30 seconds)

⑥ Final Load (Power Use)

  • Output voltage: 220 V AC or 48 V DC
  • Target: Servers, network equipment, storage systems
  • Feature: Stable IT infrastructure operation with DC power

2. Voltage Conversion Flow

15.4 KV (AC)  →  6.6 KV (AC)  →  380 V (AC)  →  48 V (DC) / 220 V
  [Reception]   [Primary TX]   [Secondary TX]   [Final Conversion]

3. Redundant Backup Architecture

Two-Tier Backup System

Main Power (15.4 KV) ─────┐
                          ├──→ Transform ──→ Load
Generator (Long-term) ────┘
         ↓
    UPS/Battery (Short-term) ──→ Instantaneous uninterrupted guarantee

Backup Strategy:

  • Generator: Hours to days operation (fuel-dependent)
  • UPS: Minutes to tens of minutes operation (battery capacity-dependent)
  • Combined effect: UPS covers generator startup gap to achieve complete uninterrupted power

4. Operating Scenarios

Scenario 1: Normal Operation

Utility power (15.4KV) → Primary transform (6.6KV) → Secondary transform (380V) → UPS → DC load (48V)

Scenario 2: Momentary Power Outage

  1. Main power interruption detected (< 4ms)
  2. UPS battery immediately engaged
  3. Continuous power supply to load with zero interruption

Scenario 3: Extended Power Outage

  1. Main power interruption detected
  2. UPS battery immediately engaged (maintains uninterrupted power)
  3. Generator automatically starts (10-30 seconds required)
  4. Generator reaches rated capacity and replaces main power
  5. Generator power charges UPS + supplies load
  6. Long-term operation with continuous fuel supply

Scenario 4: Generator Failure

  • Limited-time operation within UPS battery capacity
  • Priority operation for critical systems or graceful shutdown

5. Additional Protection and Control Devices

Supplementary devices for system stability and safety:

Circuit Breaker Hierarchy

  • GCB (Generator Circuit Breaker): Primary protection at reception point
  • VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker): Vacuum interruption, medium voltage protection
  • ACB (Air Circuit Breaker): Low voltage distribution panel protection
  • MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker): Individual load protection
  • Role: Circuit interruption during overload or short circuit to protect equipment and personnel

Switching Devices

  • STS (Static Transfer Switch): High-speed transfer between main power ↔ generator
  • ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch): Automatic transfer between power sources ( UPS level)
  • ALTS (Automatic Load Transfer Switch): Automatic load transfer ( for 22.9kV class)
  • CCTS: Circuit breaker control and transfer system
  • Role: Automatic/immediate transfer to backup power during power failure

Switching Points (Red circle indicators)

  • Reception point, before/after transformers, backup power injection points
  • Critical points for power path changes and redundancy implementation

6. Key System Features

✅ Uninterruptible Power Supply: Three-stage protection with main power → generator → UPS
✅ Multi-stage Voltage Conversion: Ensures both transmission efficiency and usage safety
✅ Automated Backup Transfer: Automatic switching without human intervention
✅ Hierarchical Protection: Stage-by-stage circuit breakers prevent cascading failures
✅ Scalable Architecture: Modular configuration enables easy capacity expansion

Summary

This DC power system architecture ensures continuous, uninterrupted operation of mission-critical data center infrastructure through a sophisticated combination of redundant power sources, automated failover mechanisms, and multi-layered protection systems. The integration of long-term generator backup and short-term UPS battery systems creates a seamless power continuity solution that can handle any grid interruption scenario. The multi-stage voltage transformation (15.4KV → 6.6KV → 380V → 48V DC) optimizes both transmission efficiency and end-user safety while providing flexibility for diverse IT equipment requirements.

#DataCenter #DCPower #PowerSystems #CriticalInfrastructure #UPS #BackupPower #DataCenterDesign #ElectricalEngineering #PowerDistribution #MissionCritical #DataCenterInfrastructure #FacilityManagement #PowerReliability #UninterruptiblePowerSupply #DataCenterOperations

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AI goes exponentially with ..

Posted on by lechuck park

This infographic illustrates how AI’s exponential growth triggers a cascading exponential expansion across all interconnected domains.

Core Concept: Exponential Chain Reaction

Top Process Chain: AI’s exponential growth creates proportionally exponential demands at each stage:

  • AI (LLM) ≈ Data ≈ Computing ≈ Power ≈ Cooling

The “≈” symbol indicates that each element grows exponentially in proportion to the others. When AI doubles, the required data, computing, power, and cooling all scale proportionally.

Evidence of Exponential Growth Across Domains

1. AI Networking & Global Data Generation (Top Left)

  • Exponential increase beginning in the 2010s
  • Vertical surge post-2020

2. Data Center Electricity Demand (Center Left)

  • Sharp increase projected between 2026-2030
  • Orange (AI workloads) overwhelms blue (traditional workloads)
  • AI is the primary driver of total power demand growth

3. Power Production Capacity (Center Right)

  • 2005-2030 trends across various energy sources
  • Power generation must scale alongside AI demand

4. AI Computing Usage (Right)

  • Most dramatic exponential growth
  • Modern AI era begins in 2012
  • Doubling every 6 months (extremely rapid exponential growth)
  • Over 300,000x increase since 2012
  • Three exponential growth phases shown (1e+0, 1e+2, 1e+4, 1e+6)

Key Message

This infographic demonstrates that AI development is not an isolated phenomenon but triggers exponential evolution across the entire ecosystem:

  • As AI models advance → Data requirements grow exponentially
  • As data increases → Computing power needs scale exponentially
  • As computing expands → Power consumption rises exponentially
  • As power consumption grows → Cooling systems must expand exponentially

All elements are tightly interconnected, creating a ‘cascading exponential effect’ where exponential growth in one domain simultaneously triggers exponential development and demand across all other domains.

#ArtificialIntelligence #ExponentialGrowth #AIInfrastructure #DataCenters #ComputingPower #EnergyDemand #TechScaling #AIRevolution #DigitalTransformation #Sustainability #TechInfrastructure #MachineLearning #LLM #DataScience #FutureOfAI #TechTrends #TechnologyEvolution

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Multi-DCs Operation with a LLM (4)

Posted on by lechuck park

LLM-Based Multi-Datacenter Operation System

System Architecture

3-Stage Processing Pipeline: Collector → Integrator → Analyst

  • Event collection from various protocols
  • Data normalization through local integrators
  • Intelligent analysis via LLM/AI analyzers
  • RAG data expansion through bottom Data Add-On modules

Core Functions

1. Time-Based Event Aggregation Analysis

  • 60-second intervals (adjustable) for event bundling
  • Comprehensive situational analysis instead of individual alarms
  • LLM queries with predefined prompts

Effectiveness:

  • ✅ Resolves alarm fatigue and enables correlation analysis
  • ✅ Improves operational efficiency through periodic comprehensive reports
  • ⚠️ Potential delay in immediate response to critical issues ( -> Using a legacy/local monitoring system )

2. RAG-Based Data Enhancement

  • Extension data: Metrics, manuals, configurations, maintenance records
  • Reuse of past analysis results as learning data
  • Improved accuracy through domain-specific knowledge accumulation

Effectiveness:

  • ✅ Continuous improvement of analysis quality and increased automation
  • ✅ Systematization of operational knowledge and organizational capability enhancement

Innovative Value

  • Paradigm Shift: Reactive → Predictive/Contextual analysis
  • Operational Burden Reduction: Transform massive alarms into meaningful insights
  • Self-Evolution: Continuous learning system through RAG framework

Executive Summary: This system overcomes the limitations of traditional individual alarm approaches and represents an innovative solution that intelligentizes datacenter operations through time-based event aggregation and LLM analysis. As a self-evolving monitoring system that continuously learns and develops through RAG-based data enhancement, it is expected to dramatically improve operational efficiency and analysis accuracy.

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Switching of the power

Posted on by lechuck park

This diagram illustrates two main power switching methods used in electrical systems: ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) and STS (Static Transfer Switch).

System Configuration

  • Power Sources: Utility grid and Generator
  • Protection: UPS systems
  • Load: Server infrastructure

ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch)

Location: Switchgear Area (Power Distribution Board)

Characteristics:

  • Mechanism: Mechanical breakers/contacts
  • Transfer Time: Several seconds (including generator start-up)
  • Advantages: Relatively simple, lower cost
  • Application: Standard power transfer systems

STS (Static Transfer Switch)

Location: Panelboard Area (Distribution Panel)

Characteristics:

  • Mechanism: Semiconductor devices (SCR, IGBT)
  • Transfer Time: A few milliseconds (near seamless)
  • Advantages: Ensures high-quality power supply
  • Disadvantages: Expensive

Key Differences

  1. Transfer Speed: STS is significantly faster (milliseconds vs seconds)
  2. Technology: ATS uses mechanical switching, STS uses electronic switching
  3. Cost: ATS is more economical
  4. Power Quality: STS provides more stable power delivery
  5. Complexity: STS requires more sophisticated semiconductor control

Applications

  • ATS: Suitable for applications that can tolerate brief power interruptions
  • STS: Critical for sensitive equipment like servers, data centers, and medical facilities requiring uninterrupted power

Summary: This diagram shows a redundant power system where ATS provides cost-effective backup power switching while STS offers near-instantaneous transfer for critical loads. Both systems work together with UPS backup to ensure continuous power supply to servers and sensitive equipment.

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Emergency Power System

Posted on by lechuck park

This image shows a diagram of an Emergency Power System and the characteristics of each component.

Overall System Structure

At the top, the power grid is connected to servers/data centers, and three backup power options are presented in case of power supply interruption.

Three Backup Power Options

1. Generator

  • Long-term operation: Unlimited operation as long as fuel is available
  • Operation method: Engine rotation → Power generation
  • Type: Diesel engine generator
  • Disadvantages:
    • Start-up delay during instantaneous power outages
    • Start-up delay, noise, exhaust emissions
    • Periodic testing required
    • Requires integration with ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch)

2. Dynamic UPS

  • Features:
    • Uninterrupted/Long-term operation (until diesel engine starts)
    • Flywheel kinetic energy storage
    • Combined generator and diesel engine
  • Advantages: Seamless power supply without STS (Static Transfer Switch)
  • Disadvantages: High initial cost, large footprint, noise

DR (Diesel Rotary) UPS: A special form of Dynamic UPS that provides uninterrupted power through flywheel energy storage technology.

3. Static UPS

  • Operation time: Instantaneous/Short-term (typically 5-15 minutes)
  • Power quality: Clean power supply
  • Configuration: Battery(DC) → Inverter(AC) → Rectifier
  • Features:
    • Millisecond-level instant transfer
    • Battery life 3-5 years, replacement costs, heat generation issues

Key Characteristics Summary

Generators can operate long-term with fuel supply but have start-up delays, while Static UPS provides immediate power but only for short durations. Dynamic UPS (including DR UPS) is a hybrid solution that provides uninterrupted power through flywheel technology while enabling long-term operation when combined with diesel engines. In actual operations, it’s common to use these systems in combination, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each system.

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Multi-DCs Operation with a LLM (2)

Posted on by lechuck park

This diagram illustrates a Multi-Data Center Operation with LLM architecture system configuration.

Overall Architecture Components

Left Side – Event Sources:

  • Various systems supporting different event protocols (Log, Syslog, Trap, etc.) generating events

Middle – 3-Stage Processing Pipeline:

  1. Collector – Light Blue
    • Composed of Local Integrator and Integration Deliver
    • Collects and performs initial processing of all event messages
  2. Integrator – Dark Blue
    • Stores/manages event messages in databases and log files
    • Handles data integration and normalization
  3. Analyst – Purple
    • Utilizes LLM and AI for event analysis
    • Generates event/periodic or immediate analysis messages

Core Efficiency of LLM Operations Integration (Bottom 4 Features)

  • Already Installed: Leverages pre-analyzed logical results from existing alert/event systems, enabling immediate deployment without additional infrastructure
  • Highly Reliable: Alert messages are highly deterministic data that significantly reduce LLM error possibilities and ensure stable analysis results
  • Easy Integration: Uses pre-structured alert messages, allowing simple integration with various systems without complex data preprocessing
  • Nice LLM: Operates reliably based on verified alert data and provides an optimal strategy for rapidly applying advanced LLM technology

Summary

This architecture enables rapid deployment of advanced LLM technology by leveraging existing alert infrastructure as high-quality, deterministic input data. The approach minimizes AI-related risks while maximizing operational intelligence, offering immediate deployment with proven reliability.

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Power Circuit Breaker

Posted on by lechuck park

This image presents a Power Circuit Breaker classification diagram showing the types and characteristics of electrical circuit breakers used in power systems.

System Overview

Power Flow: The diagram illustrates the electrical power path from power plant → transmission lines → circuit breakers → distribution panels.

Circuit Breaker Classification

The breakers are categorized by voltage levels and arc extinguishing methods:

Voltage Classifications

  • Very High Voltage: 66~800kV
  • High Voltage: 3.3~38kV
  • Using Voltage: 380~690V, 110~600V, 110~440V

Breaker Types and Arc Extinguishing Methods

  1. GIS/GCB (Gas Insulated Switchgear/Gas Circuit Breaker)
    • 66~800kV
    • Uses SF6 gas with high vacuum technology
  2. VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker)
    • 3.3~38kV
    • Vacuum arc extinguishing method
  3. ACB (Air Circuit Breaker)
    • 380~690V
    • Air + arc chute method
  4. MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)
    • 110~600V
    • Air + arc chute method
  5. ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
    • 110~440V
    • Ground fault protection, no arc extinguishing

Key Safety Message

The diagram emphasizes “The bigger (Arc) the more dangerous” – highlighting that higher voltages require more sophisticated and safer arc extinguishing technologies.

Summary: This technical diagram systematically categorizes power circuit breakers from ultra-high voltage (800kV) to low voltage (110V) applications, demonstrating how arc extinguishing complexity increases with voltage levels. The chart serves as an educational reference showing that higher voltage systems require more advanced safety mechanisms like SF6 gas insulation, while lower voltage applications can use simpler air-based arc interruption methods.

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