Tag: UPS

UPS & ESS

Posted on by lechuck park

UPS vs. ESS & Key Safety Technologies

This image illustrates the structural differences between UPS (Uninterruptible Power System) and ESS (Energy Storage System), emphasizing the advanced safety technologies required for ESS due to its “High Power, High Risk” nature.

1. Left Side: System Comparison (UPS vs. ESS)

This section contrasts the purpose and scale of the two systems, highlighting why ESS requires stricter safety measures.

  • UPS (Traditional System)
    • Purpose: Bridges the power gap for a short duration (10–30 mins) until the backup generator starts (Generator Wake-Up Time).
    • Scale: Relatively low capacity (25–500 kWh) and output (100 kW – N MW).
  • ESS (High-Capacity System)
    • Purpose: Stores energy for long durations (4+ hours) for active grid management, such as Peak Shaving.
    • Scale: Handles massive power (~100+ MW) and capacity (~400+ MWh).
    • Risk Factor: Labeled as “High Power, High Risk,” indicating that the sheer energy density makes it significantly more hazardous than UPS.

2. Right Side: 4 Key Safety Technologies for ESS

Since standard UPS technologies (indicated in gray text) are insufficient for ESS, the image outlines four critical technological upgrades (indicated in bold text).

① Battery Management System (BMS)

  • (From) Simple voltage monitoring and cut-off.
  • [To] Active Balancing & Precise State Estimation: Requires algorithms that actively balance cell voltages and accurately calculate SOC (State of Charge) and SOH (State of Health).

② Thermal Management System

  • (From) Simple air cooling or fans.
  • [To] Forced Air (HVAC) / Liquid Cooling: Due to high heat generation, robust air conditioning (HVAC) or direct Liquid Cooling systems are necessary.

③ Fire Detection & Suppression

  • (From) Detecting smoke after a fire starts.
  • [To] Off-gas Detection & Dedicated Suppression: Detects Off-gas (released before thermal runaway) to prevent fires early, using specialized suppressants like Clean Agents or Water Mist.

④ Physical/Structural Safety

  • (From) Standard metal enclosures.
  • [To] Explosion-proof & Venting Design: Enclosures must withstand explosions and safely vent gases.
  • [To] Fire Propagation Prevention: Includes fire barriers and BPU (Battery Protective Units) to stop fire from spreading between modules.

Summary

  • Scale: ESS handles significantly higher power and capacity (>400 MWh) compared to UPS, serving long-term grid needs rather than short-term backup.
  • Risk: Due to the “High Power, High Risk” nature of ESS, standard safety measures used in UPS are insufficient.
  • Solution: Advanced technologies—such as Liquid Cooling, Off-gas Detection, and Active Balancing BMS—are mandatory to ensure safety and prevent thermal runaway.

#ESS #UPS #BatterySafety #BMS #ThermalManagement #EnergyStorage #FireSafety #Engineering #TechTrends #OffGasDetection

WIth Gemini

DC Power(R)

Posted on by lechuck park

Data Center DC Power System Comprehensive Overview

This diagram illustrates the complete DC (Direct Current) power supply system for a data center infrastructure.

1. Core Components

① Power Source

  • 15.4 KV High Voltage AC Power
  • Received from utility grid
  • Efficient long-distance transmission (Efficient Delivery)
  • High voltage warning indicator (High Warning)

② Primary Transformer

  • Voltage conversion: 15.4 KV → 6.6 KV
  • Function: Steps down high voltage to medium voltage
  • Transformation method: Voltage Step-down
  • Adjusts voltage for internal data center distribution

③ Backup Power #1 – Generator System (Long-Time Backup)

  • Configuration: Diesel generator + Fuel tank
  • Characteristic: Long-duration backup capability
  • Purpose: Continuous power supply during main power outage
  • Advantage: Unlimited operation as long as fuel is supplied

④ Secondary Transformer

  • Voltage conversion: 6.6 KV → 380 V
  • Function: Steps down medium voltage to low voltage
  • Transformation method: Voltage Step-down
  • Provides appropriate voltage for UPS and final loads

⑤ Backup Power #2 – UPS System (Short-Time Backup)

  • Configuration: UPS + Battery
  • Characteristic: Short-duration instantaneous backup
  • Purpose: Ensures uninterrupted power during main-to-generator transition
  • Role: Supplies power during generator startup time (10-30 seconds)

⑥ Final Load (Power Use)

  • Output voltage: 220 V AC or 48 V DC
  • Target: Servers, network equipment, storage systems
  • Feature: Stable IT infrastructure operation with DC power

2. Voltage Conversion Flow

15.4 KV (AC)  →  6.6 KV (AC)  →  380 V (AC)  →  48 V (DC) / 220 V
  [Reception]   [Primary TX]   [Secondary TX]   [Final Conversion]

3. Redundant Backup Architecture

Two-Tier Backup System

Main Power (15.4 KV) ─────┐
                          ├──→ Transform ──→ Load
Generator (Long-term) ────┘
         ↓
    UPS/Battery (Short-term) ──→ Instantaneous uninterrupted guarantee

Backup Strategy:

  • Generator: Hours to days operation (fuel-dependent)
  • UPS: Minutes to tens of minutes operation (battery capacity-dependent)
  • Combined effect: UPS covers generator startup gap to achieve complete uninterrupted power

4. Operating Scenarios

Scenario 1: Normal Operation

Utility power (15.4KV) → Primary transform (6.6KV) → Secondary transform (380V) → UPS → DC load (48V)

Scenario 2: Momentary Power Outage

  1. Main power interruption detected (< 4ms)
  2. UPS battery immediately engaged
  3. Continuous power supply to load with zero interruption

Scenario 3: Extended Power Outage

  1. Main power interruption detected
  2. UPS battery immediately engaged (maintains uninterrupted power)
  3. Generator automatically starts (10-30 seconds required)
  4. Generator reaches rated capacity and replaces main power
  5. Generator power charges UPS + supplies load
  6. Long-term operation with continuous fuel supply

Scenario 4: Generator Failure

  • Limited-time operation within UPS battery capacity
  • Priority operation for critical systems or graceful shutdown

5. Additional Protection and Control Devices

Supplementary devices for system stability and safety:

Circuit Breaker Hierarchy

  • GCB (Generator Circuit Breaker): Primary protection at reception point
  • VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker): Vacuum interruption, medium voltage protection
  • ACB (Air Circuit Breaker): Low voltage distribution panel protection
  • MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker): Individual load protection
  • Role: Circuit interruption during overload or short circuit to protect equipment and personnel

Switching Devices

  • STS (Static Transfer Switch): High-speed transfer between main power ↔ generator
  • ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch): Automatic transfer between power sources ( UPS level)
  • ALTS (Automatic Load Transfer Switch): Automatic load transfer ( for 22.9kV class)
  • CCTS: Circuit breaker control and transfer system
  • Role: Automatic/immediate transfer to backup power during power failure

Switching Points (Red circle indicators)

  • Reception point, before/after transformers, backup power injection points
  • Critical points for power path changes and redundancy implementation

6. Key System Features

✅ Uninterruptible Power Supply: Three-stage protection with main power → generator → UPS
✅ Multi-stage Voltage Conversion: Ensures both transmission efficiency and usage safety
✅ Automated Backup Transfer: Automatic switching without human intervention
✅ Hierarchical Protection: Stage-by-stage circuit breakers prevent cascading failures
✅ Scalable Architecture: Modular configuration enables easy capacity expansion

Summary

This DC power system architecture ensures continuous, uninterrupted operation of mission-critical data center infrastructure through a sophisticated combination of redundant power sources, automated failover mechanisms, and multi-layered protection systems. The integration of long-term generator backup and short-term UPS battery systems creates a seamless power continuity solution that can handle any grid interruption scenario. The multi-stage voltage transformation (15.4KV → 6.6KV → 380V → 48V DC) optimizes both transmission efficiency and end-user safety while providing flexibility for diverse IT equipment requirements.

#DataCenter #DCPower #PowerSystems #CriticalInfrastructure #UPS #BackupPower #DataCenterDesign #ElectricalEngineering #PowerDistribution #MissionCritical #DataCenterInfrastructure #FacilityManagement #PowerReliability #UninterruptiblePowerSupply #DataCenterOperations

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Emergency Power System

Posted on by lechuck park

This image shows a diagram of an Emergency Power System and the characteristics of each component.

Overall System Structure

At the top, the power grid is connected to servers/data centers, and three backup power options are presented in case of power supply interruption.

Three Backup Power Options

1. Generator

  • Long-term operation: Unlimited operation as long as fuel is available
  • Operation method: Engine rotation → Power generation
  • Type: Diesel engine generator
  • Disadvantages:
    • Start-up delay during instantaneous power outages
    • Start-up delay, noise, exhaust emissions
    • Periodic testing required
    • Requires integration with ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch)

2. Dynamic UPS

  • Features:
    • Uninterrupted/Long-term operation (until diesel engine starts)
    • Flywheel kinetic energy storage
    • Combined generator and diesel engine
  • Advantages: Seamless power supply without STS (Static Transfer Switch)
  • Disadvantages: High initial cost, large footprint, noise

DR (Diesel Rotary) UPS: A special form of Dynamic UPS that provides uninterrupted power through flywheel energy storage technology.

3. Static UPS

  • Operation time: Instantaneous/Short-term (typically 5-15 minutes)
  • Power quality: Clean power supply
  • Configuration: Battery(DC) → Inverter(AC) → Rectifier
  • Features:
    • Millisecond-level instant transfer
    • Battery life 3-5 years, replacement costs, heat generation issues

Key Characteristics Summary

Generators can operate long-term with fuel supply but have start-up delays, while Static UPS provides immediate power but only for short durations. Dynamic UPS (including DR UPS) is a hybrid solution that provides uninterrupted power through flywheel technology while enabling long-term operation when combined with diesel engines. In actual operations, it’s common to use these systems in combination, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each system.

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Numbers about power

Posted on by lechuck park

kW (Instantaneous Power) ↔ UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

UPS Core Objective: Instantaneous Power Supply Capability

  • kW represents the power needed “right now at this moment”
  • UPS priority is immediate power supply during outages
  • Like the “speed” concept in the image, UPS focuses on instantaneous power delivery speed
  • Design actual kW capacity considering Power Factor (PF) 0.8-0.95
  • Calculate total load (kW) reflecting safety factor, growth rate, and redundancy

kWh (Energy Capacity) ↔ ESS (Energy Storage System)

ESS Core Objective: Sustained Energy Supply Capability

  • kWh indicates “how long” power can be supplied
  • ESS priority is long-term stable power supply
  • Like the “distance” concept in the image, ESS focuses on power supply duration
  • Required ESS capacity = Total Load (kW) × Desired Runtime (Hours)
  • Design actual storage capacity considering efficiency rate

Complementary Operation Strategy

Phase 1: UPS Immediate Response

  • Power outage → UPS immediately supplies power in kW units
  • Short-term power supply for minutes to tens of minutes

Phase 2: ESS Long-term Support

  • Extended outages → ESS provides sustained power in kWh units
  • Long-term power supply for hours to days

Summary: This structure optimally matches kW (instantaneousness) with UPS strengths and kWh (sustainability) with ESS capabilities. UPS handles immediate power needs while ESS ensures long-duration supply, creating a comprehensive power backup solution.

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Power Control : UPS vs ESS

Posted on by lechuck park

ESS System Analysis for AI Datacenter Power Control

This diagram illustrates the ESS (Energy Storage System) technology essential for providing flexible high-power supply for AI datacenters. Goldman Sachs Research forecasts that AI will drive a 165% increase in datacenter power demand by 2030, with AI representing about 19% of datacenter power demand by 2028, necessitating advanced power management beyond traditional UPS limitations.

ESS System Features for AI Datacenter Applications

1. High Power Density Battery System

  • Rapid Charge/Discharge: Immediate response to sudden power fluctuations in AI workloads
  • Large-Scale Storage: Massive power backup capacity for GPU-intensive AI processing
  • High Power Density: Optimized for space-constrained datacenter environments

2. Intelligent Power Management Capabilities

  • Overload Management: Handles instantaneous high-power demands during AI inference/training
  • GPU Load Prediction: Analyzes AI model execution patterns to forecast power requirements
  • High Response Speed: Millisecond-level power injection/conversion preventing AI processing interruptions
  • Predictive Analytics: Machine learning-based power demand forecasting

3. Flexible Operation Optimization

  • Peak Shaving: Reduces power costs during AI workload peak hours
  • Load Balancing: Distributes power loads across multiple AI model executions
  • Renewable Energy Integration: Supports sustainable AI datacenter operations
  • Cost Optimization: Minimizes AI operational expenses through intelligent power management

Central Power Management System – Essential Core Component of ESS

The Central Power Management System is not merely an auxiliary feature but a critical essential component of ESS for AI datacenters:

1. Precise Data Collection

  • Real-time monitoring of power consumption patterns by AI workload type
  • Tracking power usage across GPU, CPU, memory, and other components
  • Integration of environmental conditions and cooling system power data
  • Comprehensive telemetry from all datacenter infrastructure elements

2. AI-Based Predictive Analysis

  • Machine learning algorithms for AI workload prediction
  • Power demand pattern learning and optimization
  • Predictive maintenance for failure prevention
  • Dynamic resource allocation based on anticipated needs

3. Fast Automated Logic

  • Real-time automated power distribution control
  • Priority-based power allocation during emergency situations
  • Coordinated control across multiple ESS systems
  • Autonomous decision-making for optimal power efficiency

ESS Advantages over UPS for AI Datacenter Applications

While traditional UPS systems are limited to simple backup power during outages, ESS is specifically designed for the complex and dynamic power requirements of AI datacenters:

Proactive vs. Reactive

  • UPS: Reactive response to power failures
  • ESS: Proactive management of power demands before issues occur

Intelligence Integration

  • UPS: Basic power switching functionality
  • ESS: AI-driven predictive analytics and automated optimization

Scalability and Flexibility

  • UPS: Fixed capacity backup power
  • ESS: Dynamic scaling to handle AI servers that use up to 10 times the power of standard servers

Operational Optimization

  • UPS: Emergency power supply only
  • ESS: Continuous power optimization, cost reduction, and efficiency improvement

This advanced ESS approach is critical as datacenter capacity has grown 50-60% quarter over quarter since Q1 2023, requiring sophisticated power management solutions that can adapt to the unprecedented energy demands of modern AI infrastructure.

Future-Ready Infrastructure

ESS represents the evolution from traditional backup power to intelligent energy management, essential for supporting the next generation of AI datacenters that demand both reliability and efficiency at massive scale.

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Power Flow

Posted on by lechuck park

Power Flow Diagram Analysis

This image illustrates a power flow diagram for a data center or server room, showing the sequential path of electricity from external power sources to the final server equipment.

Main Components:

  1. Intake: External power supply at 154 kV / 22.9 kV with 100MW(MVA) capacity
  2. Transformer: Performs voltage conversion (step down) to make power easier to handle
  3. Generator: Provides backup power during outages, connected to a fuel tank
  4. Transformer #2: Second voltage conversion, bringing power closer to usable voltage (220/380V)
  5. UPS/Battery: Uninterruptible Power Supply with battery backup for blackout protection, showing capacity (KVA) and backup time
  6. PDU/TOB: Power Distribution Unit for connecting to servers
  7. Server: Final power consumption equipment

Key Features:

  • Red circles indicate power switching/distribution points
  • Dotted lines show backup power connections
  • The bottom section details the characteristics of each component:
    • Intake power specifications
    • Voltage conversion information
    • Blackout readiness status
    • Server connection details
    • Power usage status

Summary:

This diagram represents the complete power infrastructure of a data center, illustrating how electricity flows from the grid through multiple transformation and backup systems before reaching the servers. It demonstrates the redundancy measures implemented to ensure continuous operation during power outages, including generators and UPS systems. The power path includes necessary voltage step-down transformations to convert high-voltage grid power to server-appropriate voltages, with switching and distribution points throughout the system. This comprehensive power flow design ensures reliable, uninterrupted power delivery critical for data center operations.

With Claude