Tag: Routing

RON ( Routed Optical Networking )

Posted on by lechuck park

From Claude with some prompting
This image provides an overview of Routed Optical Networking (RON), which is a networking technology that combines IP routing and MPLS with wavelength multiplexing to enable very long distance data transmission.

The key features highlighted in the image are:

  1. Network simplification: RON reduces the complex hierarchy of routers and transmission equipment traditionally used in optical networks.
  2. Cost-effectiveness: RON eliminates the need for separate transmission equipment, reducing hardware and maintenance costs.
  3. Reduced latency: Data is processed within a single device, rather than going through multiple devices, reducing latency.
  4. Operational efficiency: Routing and transport functions are consolidated, allowing the network to be managed from a single management platform.

The image also shows the main components of a RON system, including IP routing + MPLS, wavelength multiplexing, L3 layer, physical layer, router, and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing). It also lists some specific technologies used, such as IP over Dense, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (Juniper) and Photonic Service Engine (Nokia).

Overall, this diagram illustrates how RON simplifies optical networking by combining multiple networking functions into a more efficient and cost-effective architecture.Copy

MPLS

Posted on by lechuck park

From Claude with some prompting
Let me explain this MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) diagram:

  1. Left Section – Network Stack:
  • Application layer
  • TCP/UDP layer
  • IP layer
  • Ethernet layer
  1. Middle Section – MPLS Label Structure:
  • Label (20 bits): Used for routing
  • Experimental (3 bits): For QoS (Quality of Service) priority
  • Bottom of Stack (1 bit): Indicates if it’s the last label (Not Bottom: 0)
  • TTL (8 bits): Time to Live, prevents looping
  1. Right Section – MPLS Network Operation:
  • Label Edge Router (LER): Adds/removes labels at network boundaries
  • Label Switching Router (LSR): Performs label-based switching
  • Packets expire when TTL reaches 0
  • Routing based on priority using Experimental (QoS) bits

Operational Flow:

  1. Add Label Header: When packets enter MPLS network
  2. Routing by Label: Packet forwarding based on labels with Priority by Exp(QoS)
  3. Remove Label Header: When packets exit MPLS network

Key Benefits of MPLS:

  • Fast packet forwarding (label-based switching)
  • QoS support
  • Efficient traffic engineering
  • Support for multiple network protocols

The diagram shows how MPLS creates a more efficient and manageable network by using label-based forwarding instead of traditional IP routing. Labels can be stacked (Label Stack-able) for more complex routing scenarios, and the TTL field helps prevent infinite routing loops.

the key components of a Mixture of Experts

Posted on by lechuck park

From Claude with some prompting
This image illustrates the key components of a Mixture of Experts (MoE) model architecture. An MoE model combines the outputs of multiple expert networks to produce a final output.

The main components are:

  1. Expert Network: This represents a specialized neural network trained for a specific task or inputs. Multiple expert networks can exist in the architecture.
  2. Weighting Scheme: This component determines how to weight and combine the outputs from the different expert networks based on the input data.
  3. Routing Algorithm: This algorithm decides which expert network(s) should handle a given input based on the specific inputs. It essentially routes the input data to the appropriate expert(s).

The workflow is as follows: The specific inputs are fed into the routing algorithm (3), which decides which expert network(s) should process those inputs. The selected expert network(s) (1) process the inputs and generate outputs. The weighting scheme (2) then combines these expert outputs into a final output based on a small neural network.

The key idea is that different expert networks can specialize in different types of inputs or tasks, and the MoE architecture can leverage their collective expertise by routing inputs to the appropriate experts and combining their outputs intelligently.

BGP Flow

Posted on by lechuck park

From Gemini with some prompting
Example Presentation Script

  1. BGP Session Overview

Hello everyone. Today, we will delve into the details of the BGP session establishment process. BGP is an internet routing protocol that facilitates the exchange of routing information between different autonomous systems. Establishing a stable BGP session is critical for efficient traffic forwarding across the internet.

  1. TCP Connection Establishment

A BGP session commences with a TCP 3-way handshake on port 179. After establishing a reliable connection, the session proceeds to the Open message exchange phase to negotiate the fundamental parameters for the BGP session.

  1. Open Message Exchange and Keepalive Message Exchange

The Open message exchange establishes BGP parameters such as version, autonomous system number, and Hold Timer. Hold Timer defines the session’s inactivity timeout. Keepalive messages maintain the connection by periodically exchanging messages. If no Keepalive message is received within the Hold Time, the session terminates.

  1. Update Message Transmission and Path Selection

The core of the BGP session lies in the Update message transmission. Update messages contain new, modified, or withdrawn routing information. They include network, next hop, and path attribute information, enabling routing table updates and optimal path selection.

  1. Withdrawal Message and Loop Prevention

Obsolete routing information is announced through Withdrawal messages and subsequently removed from the routing table. AS path information prevents routing loops and allows each AS to control the exchanged routing information.

  1. Conclusion

The BGP session establishment process comprises TCP connection establishment, Open message exchange, Keepalive message exchange, Update message transmission, path selection, Withdrawal message, loop prevention, and policy enforcement. This process ensures a stable BGP session and facilitates efficient routing information exchange.

Switching & Routing (Origin)

Posted on by lechuck park

From DALL-E with some prompting
The image delineates the foundational aspects of network switching and routing based on their origins. Switching, historically in LANs, involved the broadcasting of packets, which modern switches now intelligently direct or block based on MAC addresses and VLAN information. Routing originally functioned to determine packet pathways over networks using IP address information. While these were once discrete tasks performed by separate devices, contemporary network technology often integrates both functions within the same hardware, allowing switches to perform some routing tasks and vice versa, reflecting the evolution and convergence of networking equipment.