AI from the base

This diagram contrasts two approaches: traditional rule-based systems that achieve 100% accuracy within limited scope using human-designed logic, versus AI systems that handle massive datasets through neural networks with probabilistic reasoning. While traditional methods guarantee perfect results in narrow domains, AI offers scalable, adaptive solutions for complex real-world problems despite requiring significant energy and operating with uncertainty rather than absolute certainty

Upper Process (Traditional Approach):

  • Data → Human Rule Creation: Based on binary data, humans design clear logical rules
  • Mathematical Operations (√(x+y)): Precise and deterministic calculations
  • “BASE”: Foundation system with 100% certainty
  • Human-created rules guarantee complete accuracy (100%) but operate only within limited scope

Lower Process (AI-Based Approach):

  • Large-Scale Data Processing: Capable of handling vastly more extensive and complex data than traditional methods
  • Neural Network Pattern Learning: Discovers complex patterns and relationships that are difficult for humans to explicitly define
  • Adaptive Learning: The circular arrow (⚡) represents continuous improvement and adaptability to new situations
  • Advantages of Probabilistic Reasoning: Flexibility to handle uncertain and complex real-world problems

Key Advantages:

  • Traditional Approach: Clear and predictable but limited for complex real-world problems
  • AI Approach: While probabilistic, provides scalability and adaptability to solve complex problems that are difficult for humans to design solutions for. Though imperfect, it offers practical solutions that can respond to diverse and unpredictable real-world situations

AI may not be perfect, but it opens up innovative possibilities in areas that are difficult to approach with traditional methods, serving as a powerful tool for tackling previously intractable problems.

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Silicon Photonics

This diagram compares PCIe (Electrical Copper Circuit) and Silicon Photonics (Optical Signal) technologies.

PCIe (Left, Yellow Boxes)

  • Signal Transmission: Uses electrons (copper traces)
  • Speed: Gen5 512Gbps (x16), Gen6 ~1Tbps expected
  • Latency: μs~ns level delay due to resistance
  • Power Consumption: High (e.g., Gen5 x16 ~20W), increased cooling costs due to heat generation
  • Pros/Cons: Mature standard with low cost, but clear bandwidth/distance limitations

Silicon Photonics (Right, Purple Boxes)

  • Signal Transmission: Uses photons (silicon optical waveguides)
  • Speed: 400Gbps~7Tbps (utilizing WDM technology)
  • Latency: Ultra-low latency (tens of ps, minimal conversion delay)
  • Power Consumption: Low (e.g., 7Tbps ~10W or less), minimal heat with reduced cooling needs
  • Key Benefits:
    • Overcomes electrical circuit limitations
    • Supports 7Tbps-level AI communication
    • Optimized for AI workloads (high speed, low power)

Key Message

Silicon Photonics overcomes the limitations of existing PCIe technology (high power consumption, heat generation, speed limitations), making it a next-generation technology particularly well-suited for AI workloads requiring high-speed data processing.

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Human Control

Human-Centered AI Decision-Making System

This diagram illustrates a human-in-the-loop AI system where humans maintain control over critical decision-making processes.

System Components

Top Process Flow:

  • Data QualityAnalysisDecision
  • Sequential workflow with human oversight at each stage

Bottom Control Layer:

  • AI Works in the central processing area
  • Ethics Human Rules (left side) – Human-defined ethical guidelines
  • Probability Control (right side) – Human oversight of AI confidence levels

Human Control Points:

  • Human Intent feeds into the system at the beginning
  • Final Decision remains with humans at the end
  • Human Control emphasized as the foundation of the entire system

Key Principles

  1. Human Agency: People retain ultimate decision-making authority
  2. AI as Tool: AI performs analysis but doesn’t make final decisions
  3. Ethical Oversight: Human-defined rules guide AI behavior
  4. Transparency: Probability controls allow humans to understand AI confidence
  5. Accountability: Clear human responsibility throughout the process

Summary: This represents a responsible AI framework where artificial intelligence enhances human decision-making capabilities while ensuring humans remain in control of critical choices and ethical considerations.

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Transmission Rate vs Propagation Speed

Key Concepts

Transmission Rate

  • Amount of data processable per unit time (bps – bits per second)
  • “Processing speed” concept – how much data can be handled simultaneously
  • Low transmission rate causes Transmission Delay
  • “Link is full, cannot send data”

Propagation Speed

  • Speed of signal movement through physical media (m/s – meters per second)
  • “Travel speed” concept – how fast signals move
  • Slow propagation speed causes Propagation Delay
  • “Arrives late due to long distance”

Meaning of Delay

Two types of delays affect network performance through different principles. Transmission delay is packet size divided by transmission rate – the time to push data into the link. Propagation delay is distance divided by propagation speed – the time for signals to physically travel.

Two Directions of Technology Evolution

Bandwidth Expansion (More Data Bandwidth)

  • Improved data processing capability through transmission rate enhancement
  • Development of high-speed transmission technologies like optical fiber and 5G
  • No theoretical limits – continuous improvement possible

Path Optimization (More Fast, Less Delay)

  • Faster response times through propagation delay improvement
  • Physical distance reduction, edge computing, optimal routing
  • Fundamental physical limits exist: cannot exceed speed of light (c = 3×10⁸ m/s)
  • Actual media is slower due to refractive index (optical fiber: ~2×10⁸ m/s)

Network communication involves two distinct “speed” concepts: Transmission Rate (how much data can be processed per unit time in bps) and Propagation Speed (how fast signals physically travel in m/s). While transmission rate can be improved infinitely through technological advancement, propagation speed faces an absolute physical limit – the speed of light – creating fundamentally different approaches to network optimization. Understanding this distinction is crucial because transmission delays require bandwidth solutions, while propagation delays require path optimization within unchangeable physical constraints.

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Small Errors in AI

Four Core Characteristics of AI Tasks (Left)

AI systems have distinctive characteristics that make them particularly vulnerable to error amplification:

  • Big Volume: Processing massive amounts of data
  • Long Duration: Extended computational operations over time
  • Parallel Processing: Simultaneous execution of multiple tasks
  • Interdependencies: Complex interconnections where components influence each other

Small Error Amplification (Middle)

Due to these AI characteristics, small initial errors become amplified in two critical ways:

  • Error Propagation & Data Corruption: Minor errors spread throughout the system, significantly impacting overall data quality
  • Delay Propagation & Performance Degradation: Small delays accumulate and cascade, severely affecting entire system performance

Final Impact (Right)

  • Very High Energy Cost: Errors and performance degradation result in exponentially higher energy consumption than anticipated

Key Message

The four inherent characteristics of AI (big volume, long duration, parallel processing, and interdependencies) create a perfect storm where small errors can amplify exponentially, ultimately leading to enormously high energy costs. This diagram serves as a warning about the critical importance of preventing small errors in AI systems before they cascade into major problems.

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